As I move forward in this new adventure, I wish to see the CryptoZooNews blog take on reasonable conversations fully developed and registered. Shall we begin?
This era’s emails, tweets, and social media discussions are often shared for quick impact and smartly short quips. Nothing wrong with that. But my hope for this new platform calls for unfolding time to think aloud about many sides of an issue.
One topic that has concerned me is this fantasy that there is a major disagreement between myself and the broader concept developed by the Center for Fortean Zoology’s director Jon Downes, regarding “zooforms.”
I tend to think this is a misunderstanding based on a mild and slight difference in viewing a complex subject from a few degrees apart.
Let me try to capture, briefly, via this summary, what Jon appears to have proposed. Downes and his Center for Fortean Zoology of the United Kingdom introduced a new three tier concept to aid his classification and analysis of unknown animals.
The initial two tiers are rather straightforward: cryptids and pseudo-cryptids. The first he sees as “hidden or unknown animals.” The second are said to be “not strictly part of cryptozoology” and to be animals that are out-of-place, introduced, or transported by natural means, such as wind, water, or migration (the last group being what are called “accidentials” in birding jargon).
For the third category, Jon Downes coined a new word in 1990: “zooform.”
The third cryptozoological category consists of zooform phenomena. These are not animals at all, but entities or apparitions which adopt or seem to have (quasi)animal form. This is where we (at least to some extent) enter science fiction territory. In many ways, these elusive and contentious entities have plagued cryptozoology since its inception, and tend to be dismissed by mainstream science as thoroughly unworthy of consideration. Zooform phenomena seem to be a strange blend of paranormal manifestation and mythology.
However, Jonathan Downes, who first coined the term in 1990, maintains that many zooform phenomena result from complex psychosocial and sociological phenomena, and suggests that to classify all such phenomena as “paranormal” in origin is counterproductive. A good example of a zooform phenomenon would be the Owlman of Mawnan. Source.
Monster! appeared in 2007.
But is a zooform a cryptid, or perhaps more logically, could cryptids be zooforms? First, let’s explore what a cryptid has been conceptualized to be.
In the Summer 1983 issue of the Newsletter (vol. 2, no. 2, page 10) of The International Society of Cryptozoology (the ISC is a now defunct organization), John E. Wall of Manitoba introduced the term he had invented for cryptozoological animals through a letter to the editor. By the end of the 1990s, the term was showing up in dictionaries.
Cryptid denotes an animal of interest to cryptozoology, of course. Cryptids are in the most limited definition, either unknown species of animals or those that are thought to be extinct but which may have survived into modern times and await rediscovery by scientists.
Writing in 1988 in Cryptozoology the journal of the then active ISC, one of the godfathers of cryptozoology, Belgian zoologist Bernard Heuvelmans underscored the aims of cryptozoology:
“Hidden animals with which cryptozoology is concerned, are by definition very incompletely known. To gain more credence, they have to be documented as carefully and exhaustively as possible by a search through the most diverse fields of knowledge. Cryptozoological research thus requires not only a thorough grasp of most of the zoological sciences, including, of course physical anthropology, but also a certain training in such extraneous branches of knowledge as mythology, linguistics, archaeology and history. It will consequently be conducted more extensively in libraries, newspaper morgues, regional archives, museums, art galleries, laboratories, and zoological parks rather than in the field!”
His definition of cryptozoology itself was exacting, for it gives his sense of what a cryptid is: “The Scientific study of hidden animals, i.e., of still unknown animal forms about which only testimonial and circumstantial evidence is available, or material evidence considered insufficient by some!”
Over the last quarter century, some have suggested that the science of cryptozoology should be expanded to include many animals as “cryptids,” specifically including the study of out-of-place animals, feral animals, and even animal ghosts and apparitions. Heuvelmans rejected such notions with typical thoroughness, and not a little wry humor:
“Admittedly, a definition need not conform necessarily to the exact etymology of a word. But it is always preferable when it really does so which I carefully endeavored to achieve when I coined the term ‘cryptozoology’. All the same being a very tolerant person, even in the strict realm of science, I have never prevented anybody from creating new disciplines of zoology quite distinct from cryptozoology. How could I, in any case?
“So, let people who are interested in founding a science of ‘unexpected animals’, feel free to do so, and if they have a smattering of Greek and are not repelled by jaw breakers they may call it ‘aprosbletozoology’ or ‘apronoeozoology’ or even ‘anelistozoology’. Let those who would rather be searching for ‘bizarre animals’ create a ‘paradoozoology’, and those who prefer to go a hunting for ‘monstrous animals’, or just plain ‘monsters’, build up a ‘teratozoology’ or more simply a ‘pelorology’.
“But for heavens sake, let cryptozoology be what it is, and what I meant it to be when I gave it its name over thirty years ago!”
Unfortunately, many of the creatures of most interest to cryptozoologists do not, in themselves, fall under the blanket heading of cryptozoology. Thus, many who are interested in such phenomena as the so-called Beasts of Bodmin and Exmoor (not unknown species but known species albeit in an alien environment) and the Devonshire/Cornwall “devil dogs” (not “animals” or even “animate” in the accepted sense of the word, and thus only of marginal interest to scientific cryptozoologists) think of these creatures as cryptids.
Cryptozoology A to Z was released in 1999.
More broadly, then, we do not know whether a cryptid is an unknown species of animal, or a supposedly extinct animal, or a misidentification, or anything more than legend until evidence is gathered and accepted one way or another. Until that proof is found, the supposed animal carries the label cryptid, regardless of the potential outcome and regardless of various debates concerning its true identity. When it is precisely identified, it is no longer a cryptid, because it is no longer hidden.
While Heuvelmans created cryptozoology as a goal-oriented discipline (endeavoring to prove the existence of hidden animals), the fact that some of these cryptids will turn out not to be new species does not invalidate the process by which that conclusion is reached and does not retroactively discard the prior status as a cryptid. For example, let’s say that large unknown “Monster” in a local lake that was labeled a cryptid in 1990, is caught in 1999, and shown to be a known species, an alligator. It is no longer hidden and no longer carries the label cryptid, but that does not mean it never was a cryptid. If when it was captured in 1999, and found to be a new species of water-dwelling monitor lizard, it must still be considered to have been a cryptid.
An outsider is bound to be confused by a television program or magazine article that highlights reliable eyewitnesses and physical evidence for hairy bipeds or Lake and Sea Monsters, then jumps to a story about phantom dogs or glowing swamp creature. That confusion is understandable. It is often impossible to tell which category an unknown animal actually inhabits until you catch it. Until then, it is a cryptid.
My sense of what is happening with the word “zooform” is that Jon Downes and the CFZ has defined a cryptid before it has been caught, considered, classified, or totally discovered to be a psychological, parapsychological, or physical form.
I find that calling something one thing that defines what it is breaks the first rule that Ivan T. Sanderson taught me: “Never explain one unknown with another unknown.”
All zooforms appear to be cryptids, but not all cryptids are zooforms, I would say.
In my universe, I take a case-by-case approach. I enter an investigation with no predetermined mindset as to whether the cryptid I’m seeking, and might find, is a new species, a known animal misidentified, a creature from the imagination of the eyewitness, a hoax, a prank, or, yes, even a zooform. It is, after all, by its very nature, an unknown.
Therefore, my answer to the question up top: Yes, of course, zooforms are cryptids. But not all cryptids are zooforms.
That’s my opinion. What’s yours?
Creatures of the Outer Edge was published in 1978.
A thoughtful and interesting starter, Loren, thanks!
Can I add another category that could be added into the discussion – that of “Fortean Zoology”.
To my mind, this is a wider classification, including cryptids and zooforms. It may also include the study of unexplained, or disputed reports about the attributes or behaviours of known animals, including many of what the Victorians often called the “curiosities of natural history”.
I’d be interested to hear other people’s views.
Bob Skinner
Complex discussion. I always like to start responding by biting off a piece of the elephant.
“Never explain one unknown with another unknown.”
Can’t tell you how much I agree with that. The sasquatch and yeti (classic examples of “material evidence considered insufficient by some”) have suffered, well, insufferably from “proponents” – they know not what they do! – who postulate, among other things, that “no one ever sees them [wrong] because they shapeshift, orb, bury their dead, and spend the day posing as Uncle John.”
I’d say that if a zoologist can’t think of it as at least plausible, it’s not cryptozoology, not if we want to make science of this. Gotta shoehorn Nessie in there. But Grey Man, Mothman, chupacabras, Owlman of Mawnan….nopes.
Maybe this is it: show me your database of consistent encounter reports and other compelling evidence, and we’ll talk. But High Strangeness ain’t crypto.
Loren I’ve always admired the terrific way you’ve negotiated the potential hazards of cross-contamination between your twin interests in the realms of noumenon and zoomenon as it were.
With this piece though it seems you’re not only visibly fully expanding your garuda like wings as you emerge from the limitations of the ‘egg’ you inhabited over at Cryptomundo but you seem to be declaring an intention to more willingly openly explore precisely the interface the two areas inevitably share even if only to make a clearer demarcation between the two.
I hope though you won’t just concentrate on the matter of demarcation because when you say an outsider’s bound to be confused by media leaping from eyewitness accounts concerning the likes of hairy bipeds or Lake/Sea Monsters to stories about phantom dogs or glowing swamp creatures I’d suggest its scholars like yourself from other fields who’re more likely to be confused or more likely I suggest irritated by the apparent lack of scholastic discipline.
The vast majority of consumers of such media though’re more likely to wolf down whatever they’re served up so long as it gets their goosebumps going and in many ways they’re more important because it’s precisely from those legions the next Loren Coleman will emerge since even born scholars have to learn whatever currently passes for ‘good’ scholarship and even to this day what usually passes for ‘good’ scholarship is the renouncing of precisely all this “hokey cryptid nonsense”.
ps
John Downes ‘maintains that many zooform phenomena result from complex psychosocial and sociological phenomena, and suggests that to classify all such phenomena as “paranormal” in origin is counterproductive’.
I’d add to that even the tag “paranormal” can be so vague as to become almost nonsenical.
For instance I’ve been known in my time to make jokey statements along the lines me and Nick Redfern believe Sasquatch have secret ninja X-men superpowers because of course there are reports almost to that effect.
The thing is though based on numerous personal experiences with ‘ordinary’ animals not to mention research conducted with such animals by the likes of Rupert Sheldrake [as well as historic accounts of the likes of witches purportedly having paranormal interactions with 'ordinary' animals] those claims may not be quite as outlandish or even paranormal as they initially seem.
For instance ever since I was a kid I’ve had these phases where something’s woken me up in the middle of the night or summoned me to another nearby location solely to come to the rescue of some poor distressed insect like a cockroach [even though my poor white trash early childhood existence consisted of being bombarded on all sides by an insistence such critters should be mercilessly stomped on a task me Dad used to pursue with relish].
But I’m also celebrated in certain quarters for knowing when a spider’s present no matter how well hidden because I seem able to detect them throwing out the command to be so frightened or nervous enough of them to avoid any contact [which might explain some animal based phobias].
How this’s done I don’t know. It might be electromagnetic it might be pheromonal it might even be telepathic but a sensitivity to creatures who can produce this effect may explain some accounts of ‘Sasquatch’ seemingly mentally ordering people to be scared for their very lives.
It may also explain something that seems to be happening an awful lot lately.
Friends relatives and acquaintances who’ve hitherto had little or no knowledge of alanborky’s nutcasery’ve suddenly started anxiously bombarding me or people known to me with tales how normally when they’re suspicious an intruder’s on the premises they improvise a weapon and raise their voices yet on certain recent occasions they’ve sensed an unseen ‘presence’ moving about their house or even their bedroom projecting at them such seething menace they not only couldn’t get out of bed to protect their kids but they actually pulled the sheets over their heads and shamefully cowered there as if they were little kids for hours on end until the dawn finally arrived.
Then again maybe me an’ Nick’re right and Sasquatch [and spiders] really DO have secret ninja X-men superpowers!
@ Alanborky
” ‘maintains that many zooform phenomena result from complex psychosocial and sociological phenomena, and suggests that to classify all such phenomena as “paranormal” in origin is counterproductive’”
AND
” they’ve sensed an unseen ‘presence’ moving about their house or even their bedroom projecting at them such seething menace they not only couldn’t get out of bed to protect their kids but they actually pulled the sheets over their heads and shamefully cowered there as if they were little kids for hours on end until the dawn finally arrived.”
This is something a group I belong to have been discussing. Not specifically the ‘unknown’ aspect of it, but the way 1st world societies seem to be living in more fear now than they have in the past 40+ years. With ‘wars on terror’ and constant warnings (at least lately in the USA) that we should fear each other and be armed to the teeth in order to protect ourselves and our family. I have to wonder if the constant living in fear isn’t manifesting itself in several ways, both real and imagined. Is it possible that people could be tapping into collective fear?
I guess these sort of arguments raise from our preconceived notions re. the ‘nature’ of these beings. Downes seemed to have felt the need to make a distinction between the ‘normal’ cryptids which more than likely can be explained in purely biological terms –a new zoological species, or one that was thought to be extinct long ago– and those reports which don’t seem to fall into ‘conventional’ –read ‘rational’ or more likely, ‘materialistic’– explanations.
With regards to zooforms i.e. beings which seem to conjugate the attributes of dissimilar biological species –e.g. a being with a canid’s head and a humanoid body– our current materialistic paradigm dictates that such entities could not possibly be explained in conventional evolutionary terms, lest we risk raising the ire of Darwin’s ghost!
But, like Loren says, the problem with this approach is that we’re already establishing our bias without letting the evidence lead us to a proper conclusion. Linda Godfrey, who has been investigating reports of ‘wolfmen’ for several years, doesn’t seem to be in a hurry to reach a preconceived conclusion of what these beings might be; sure, she seems to think that perhaps these are wolves that somehow gained the evolutionary advantage of walking upright for a short period of time, but nevertheless she continues to investigate all manner of weird reports without judging them beforehand.
And therein I think is the lesson to be learned from these discussions: follow the evidence and avoid reaching precipitated conclusions. Perhaps Bigfoot & Nessie are tulpa-like paranormal entities, and perhaps werewolves are evolved bipedal canids, but until we investigate and gather evidence, we will never know for certain.